If you’re diluting essential oils for skin use, some of the healthiest carrier oils are:
Jojoba Oil
Very stable (doesn’t go rancid quickly)
Closely resembles the skin’s natural oils
Good for most skin types, including oily and acne-prone skin
Lightweight and non-greasy
Sweet Almond Oil
Rich in vitamin E
Absorbs well
Popular for massage blends
Avoid if you have a tree nut allergy
Fractionated Coconut Oil
Stays liquid at room temperature
Long shelf life
Light feel and minimal scent
One of the most commonly used carriers for essential oils
Rosehip Seed Oil
Contains beneficial fatty acids and antioxidants
Often used for mature or sun-damaged skin
More expensive and has a shorter shelf life
Argan Oil
Rich in vitamin E and antioxidants
Moisturizing without feeling too heavy
Good for skin and hair applications
Best Overall Choice
For most people, jojoba oil or fractionated coconut oil are excellent all-around carriers because they’re stable, gentle, and work well with nearly all essential oils.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is found globally but is most prevalent in major sheep and goat-producing regions. It is especially common in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America (particularly Brazil and the western United States), the Middle East, and parts of Europe (like Spain).
The disease, caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, occurs essentially anywhere small ruminants are farmed. Specific geographical and regional dynamics include:
Oceania: Historically, CLA (often called “cheesy gland”) has been highly prevalent in Australia and New Zealand, causing major economic impacts on the wool and meat industries.
The Americas: High infection rates have been documented in commercial goat herds and sheep flocks in the USA (with rates reaching up to 40% in some Western states) and Brazil.
Europe & Asia: It is endemic in several parts of the Middle East and Europe, although countries like the United Kingdom have lower within-flock transmission rates.
Because the bacterium is resilient and can persist in soil and bedding for months, the disease easily spreads in intensive farming operations, during shearing, and in close-confinement environments.
For detailed prevalence maps or regional eradication programs, consult resources such as the Merck Veterinary Manual or the NADIS Disease A-Z for European context.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA), commonly caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is a disease that has plagued small ruminants for over a century. The exact bacterium was discovered in 1888, making the disease entity well over 135 years old. It has been widespread in the global goat and sheep industries since the 18th century, with significant outbreaks recorded as far back as the late 1800s.
History of CLA in the Goat Industry18th – 19th Century Origins: The widespread global distribution of the disease is believed to have originated from the exportation of sheep and goats by colonial powers during the 18th century. The first official clinical cases were documented in the veterinary literature during the last few decades of the 19th century.
Global Spread: As international livestock trade and dairy goat imports expanded throughout the 20th century, the pathogen spread globally. For instance, modern outbreaks in countries historically free of the disease were frequently linked to imported animals, such as in the Netherlands (1984) and the United Kingdom (early 1990s).
Modern Industry Burden: By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the disease was deeply embedded in global commercial meat and dairy herds, becoming one of the most common chronic, contagious issues affecting small ruminants.
Age of Affected Animals
While you might be asking about the evolutionary age of the disease, if you are referring to the age at which a goat contracts or shows symptoms:
The bacteria can enter through open wounds (like shearing nicks, ear-tagging, or fighting) at any age.
However, clinical signs (abscesses of the superficial or internal lymph nodes) rarely appear in kids less than 6 months old.
The incidence and severity of the disease heavily increase with the age of the goat, with the highest prevalence typically seen in animals older than 1 to 4 years.
Because the bacteria can survive for several months in the environment (on straw, soil, or equipment) and spreads rapidly via ruptured abscesses, it requires strict biosecurity and culling protocols to control. If you are looking to diagnose, test, or manage this condition in your herd, review the detailed disease guidelines and resources provided by the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory or the USDA APHIS Goat Health Reports.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It is primarily characterized by pus-filled abscesses in the lymph nodes and internal organs. Depending on the host animal and affected body system, it is known by several common nicknames.
Small Ruminants (Sheep & Goats)
Cheesy Gland: The most common nickname among livestock owners, referring to the thick, dry, “cheesy” consistency of the pus in abscesses.
Lympho: A shortened, colloquial term for lymphadenitis.
Thin Ewe Syndrome: A nickname used to describe the internal form of CL in sheep, where abscesses in the lungs and organs cause chronic weight loss and poor body condition.
Bone Disease / Pseudotuberculosis: Occasionally used interchangeably by livestock producers.
Horses
Pigeon Fever (or Pigeon Breast): The most common term for C. pseudotuberculosis infections in horses. It gets this name from the large, localized abscesses typically found in the pectoral region (chest) that make the horse’s chest appear swollen like a pigeon.
Dryland Distemper: Another common equine name for the same infection, referencing its prevalence in dry, arid regions during the summer and fall.
Chest Abscesses / Pectoral Abscesses: Descriptive veterinary terms for the condition.
Cattle & Other Animals
Contagious Abscesses / Suppurative Lymphadenitis: General clinical names for the condition when it affects cattle, buffalo, pigs, and camelids.
Humans
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection: Because CL is a zoonotic disease, it is usually referred to by the medical name of the causative bacteria. In humans, it typically presents as localized lymphadenitis or cutaneous (skin) ulcers.
For comprehensive clinical or veterinary information regarding the spread and management of the disease, visit the Merck Veterinary Manual on Caseous Lymphadenitis.
CL stands for Caseous Lymphadenitis. It is a chronic, highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The disease is best known for forming thick, cheesy, pus-filled abscesses in the lymph nodes just under the skin, or internally within major organs like the lungs, liver, and kidneys.
What Animals Can Get CL?
While primarily recognized in livestock, CL can affect a wide variety of species, including humans:
Primary Hosts: Sheep and goats are the most commonly affected animals.
Other Susceptible Livestock & Wildlife: Horses, cattle, swine (pigs), camelids (llamas and alpacas), deer, and rabbits.
Humans: Because CL is zoonotic, humans can contract the infection through direct contact with ruptured abscesses or contaminated environments (often during the shearing, treating, or butchering of infected animals).
Key Things to KnowExternal vs. Internal: The external form causes visible lumps (usually around the neck, jaw, or shoulder). The internal form is harder to spot and causes the animal to slowly waste away as it affects organ function.
Transmission: It spreads easily between animals through contact with ruptured pus, contaminated equipment (like shears or tattoo pliers), or shared environmental surfaces.
Treatment & Management: There is no permanent cure for CL; even if abscesses are drained or treated, they frequently recur. Management typically involves strict biosecurity, isolating infected individuals, and cleaning equipment.
Producers often rely on commercial vaccines and routine blood testing (screening) to reduce the spread of the disease in their herds and flocks. To learn more about how to test, vaccinate, or safely handle potentially infected animals, consult a livestock veterinarian or visit the Merck Veterinary Manual.
Sheep and goats get Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) when the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis enters their body, most commonly through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. The disease is highly contagious and spreads primarily through contact with pus from ruptured abscesses or contaminated equipment.
The bacteria can enter and spread through a few main methods:
Open Abscesses (Direct Contact): When external abscesses on infected animals grow and rupture, they expel thick, cheesy pus. If this pus comes into contact with another animal’s skin, it can easily penetrate even tiny, invisible scratches to start an infection.
Contaminated Equipment: The bacteria are incredibly hardy and can survive for months in soil or on wooden surfaces. Sharing equipmentāsuch as shears, hoof trimmers, ear taggers, or tattooing pliersācan easily transmit the bacteria from an infected animal to a healthy one if the tools are not thoroughly disinfected.
Wounds: Routine husbandry procedures create easy entry points. Animals can be infected during shearing, castration, tail docking, or ear tagging if the environment or equipment is contaminated.
Respiratory & Oral Transmission: If an animal has internal CL abscesses, it can expel the bacteria through nasal secretions, coughing, or even breathing. Healthy herd mates can then inhale the bacteria or ingest it from contaminated feed and water troughs. Kids and lambs can also contract it by drinking infected milk if the mother has a mammary abscess.
Insect Bites: While less common, insects like horse flies can mechanically carry the bacteria and spread it from animal to animal.
Because CL is a chronic and lifelong condition, strict biosecurity and hygiene are essential. For detailed prevention, treatment, and testing guidelines, you can consult resources like the Merck Veterinary Manual or the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.
It typically takes 2 to 6 months for visible symptoms of Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) to appear in sheep and goats after the initial infection. However, the incubation period can range from as little as 1 month to several years.
Because of this long and variable incubation period, seemingly healthy animals can still be actively spreading the disease.
Understanding CL Progression
External Abscesses: The most common first sign is swollen, firm lymph nodes around the head, neck, and shoulders. Over 2 to 6 months, these swellings turn into abscesses, ripen (soften), cause hair loss, and eventually rupture, leaking thick, yellow or greenish pus.
Internal Abscesses: The bacteria can also infect internal organs (lungs, liver, kidneys). While goats predominantly show external signs, sheep are more prone to hidden, internal abscesses, which lead to chronic weight loss and respiratory distress rather than visible lumps.
Managing Risk
Quarantine: Whenever you bring new sheep or goats to your property, it is crucial to isolate them for at least 2 months to watch for developing abscesses.
Testing & Prevention: Because the disease is contagious and can persist in the environment, consult with a veterinarian to establish a herd screening or vaccination protocol. You can utilize resources like the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab to run serology (blood) or culture tests to accurately identify the presence of CL.
There is no proven cure for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) using only herbs, vitamins, or essential oils. CLA is a highly contagious bacterial disease (caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) that requires veterinary intervention. Natural remedies are strictly used as supportive care alongside proper medical management.
The Medical Reality
CLA manifests as internal and external abscesses. If a CLA abscess bursts, it contaminates the environment, putting the rest of your herd at risk. Herbal or essential oil therapy will not kill the bacteria inside the abscess walls.
Supportive Natural CareIf you are managing the disease alongside a veterinarian, several holistic remedies can help support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and soothe the skin.
Herbs: Immune-boosting and detoxifying herbs are used to support overall wellness and white blood cell function. Common herbs include:
Turmeric & Ginger: Known for their anti-inflammatory properties.
Garlic: Supports the immune system and has mild antibacterial properties.
Burdock Root, Red Clover, & Echinacea: Often used as tonics to help support lymphatic drainage and clear the blood.
Vitamins & Minerals: A robust immune system requires the right building blocks.
Vitamin E and Selenium: Deficiencies in these areas are common in certain regions and weaken immune responses.
Vitamin C: Can be supplemented to aid white blood cell production during illness.
Moringa & Alfalfa: Excellent natural sources of vitamins and trace minerals.
Essential Oils: Essential oils must never be ingested by ruminants, as they can disrupt rumen flora and cause toxicity. When applied topically and highly diluted, some oils offer support:
Antibacterial/Antifungal: Lavender and Geranium oils are often used to clean the skin or soothe irritation.
Anti-inflammatory: Frankincense and Pine have mild anti-inflammatory properties.
Warning: Never apply oils to an open, draining abscess, as it can cause extreme pain and tissue damage
Catching Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep and goats early relies on serum blood testing and routine palpation before abscesses erupt. Because CL can hide as internal abscesses or remain dormant during the incubation period, testing and strict isolation are your most reliable tools.
Early Detection StrategiesSHI (Synergistic Hemolysin Inhibition) Blood Test: This is the most common screening test. It detects antibodies against the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteria.
Routine Physical Palpation: Inspect your animals monthly by running your hands over common lymph node areas to feel for firm, painless lumps. Check under the jaw, behind the ears, in front of the shoulder, and in the flank/rear leg areas.
Quarantine New Additions: Isolate all new animals for at least 30ā60 days and test them before allowing them near your main herd or flock.
Limitations to Keep in Mind
Vaccinated Animals: If you vaccinate your herd against CL, blood tests will show up as false-positives because the animal will carry antibodies from the vaccine. Do not test a recently vaccinated herd.
Internal Abscesses: Blood tests cannot pinpoint the exact location of internal abscesses, which sometimes form without any external lumps.
Diagnostic ConfirmationIf you find a suspicious lump, do not pop it, as the pus is highly contagious. Isolate the animal immediately and contact a large animal veterinarian. They can perform a physical aspirate or use a PCR/bacterial culture to confirm if the lump is CL.
For a deeper dive into the disease or to find diagnostic laboratories, refer to the Mississippi State University Extension guidelines or review resources provided by The Open Sanctuary Project.
Human infection with Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)ācaused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosisāis a rare zoonotic disease, primarily contracted by handling infected sheep or goats. It is curable, though treatment requires a combination of surgical removal of infected lymph nodes and targeted, prolonged antibiotic therapy.
What Can HappenWhen humans contract CL, the bacteria typically enter through broken skin and travel to the lymphatic system. This can result in:
Swollen or Abscessed Lymph Nodes: The most common symptom is enlarged, painful, and pus-filled lymph nodes.Systemic Symptoms: You may experience general bacterial infection symptoms, including fever, headache, chills, and muscle aches.
Internal Infections: While much less common in humans than in animals, internal spread can lead to abscesses in organs, causing respiratory issues, extreme weight loss, and chronic fatigue.
Is It Curable?
Yes, human CL is curable, but it can be a slow process.
Surgical Excision: Because the bacteria forms a thick, fibrous wall around abscesses, antibiotics struggle to penetrate the pus. Therefore, surgical removal of the affected lymph glands is often the primary and most effective treatment.
Antibiotics: Surgical intervention is generally supplemented with a course of antibiotics (such as amoxicillin and rifampicin) to clear the infection and prevent recurrence.
If you suspect you have been exposed to a sick animal, consult a healthcare provider immediately. Always wear proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)ālike gloves and long sleevesāwhen handling livestock. You can learn more about managing this disease from the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide.
All the more reason to Cull any animal that gets this; others mammals, and you can catch it. Though its not as bad for humans, its best not to risk it.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) is considered incurable in livestock because the bacteria form thick, fibrous capsules around abscesses. These hard walls prevent antibiotics from penetrating the infection. Humans, however, rarely get this specific bacterium; when they do, it causes localized, treatable skin ulcers rather than systemic, walled-off internal abscesses.The differences in how the disease behaves and why it affects both humans and livestock differently include:
1. Why Livestock Cannot Be Cured
Thick Capsule Formation: In sheep and goats, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis produces an enzyme that kills tissue and builds a heavy, onion-like fibrous wall around the bacteria. No systemic medicine (antibiotic) can get through this barrier to eradicate the bacteria.
Systemic Hiding Spots: While you can surgically remove or drain external abscesses, the bacteria often spread to internal lymph nodes and vital organs (lungs, liver), which cannot be treated or completely purged.
Lifelong Carriers: Because the bacteria cannot be completely cleared from the animal’s system, an infected goat or sheep is considered a lifelong carrier and sheds the bacteria, putting the rest of the herd or flock at risk.
2. Why It Is “Curable” in Humans
Different Exposure and Severity: Human infections are rare and usually stem from direct occupational contact with the pus (e.g., shearing, butchering) or consuming raw, unpasteurized dairy from infected animals.
Treatable Lesions: In humans, the bacteria generally stay on the outer skin layer. They do not form the same thick, deeply rooted encapsulated abscesses seen in livestock.
Antibiotic Effectiveness: Since the lesions in humans are localized and lack a dense, fibrous wall, standard medical procedures like drainage, cleaning, and targeted antibiotics easily resolve the infection.
For more information on the pathology and biosecurity protocols for managing CL, you can refer to the Merck Veterinary Manual.
The meat is generally safe to eat if the animal was infected with Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL), provided you strictly avoid cross-contamination and the infection has not caused systemic illness. CL is a localized bacterial infection; you must discard any affected lymph nodes or organs and thoroughly cook the meat.
Critical Safety StepsInspect the Carcass: Slaughter facilities routinely condemn carcasses with internal CL abscesses. If the infection has spread to the organs or the animal is emaciated, the entire carcass should be condemned and discarded.
Trim & Discard: Any meat in the immediate vicinity of an external abscess or affected lymph node should be carefully trimmed away and discarded.
Avoid Cross-Contamination: The bacteria (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) lives in the thick, cheesy pus. During butchering, be extremely careful not to let the pus touch the knife, tools, or the edible meat.
Cook Thoroughly: Always ensure meat is cooked to a safe internal temperature to kill any lingering bacteria.
Zoonotic Risk
While CL transmission to humans is rare, the bacteria is zoonotic, meaning it can infect people through direct contact with open cuts or consuming unpasteurized dairy/infected meat. Always wear gloves during the butchering process.
If you are handling the carcass and notice green/yellow discoloration, foul odors, or widespread internal lesions, it is best to err on the side of caution and consult a local veterinarian or USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline for specific guidance
I’m normally not a vaccine guy, but this is one vaccine I might suggest getting! At the end of her video, she gives two useful and effective treatments; the vaccine is one of them. The other, is the alternative approach. The vaccine is a prevention, the other is what you can do after they are infected. Some animals can develop an immunity, and there are some natural ways to boost or help them with said immunity.
Good news and bad news: If you vaccinate against CL, your animals will always test positive after that; so be aware of that. It is possible for the sheep, goats and other animals to develop an immunity to this disease; but its rare. More bad news, they stopped making the vaccine in 2019. There is no cure, only treatments; so far. The best alternative; is to find natural ways to boost the herd heath, to encourage herd immunity. That and remove anyone from the herd that show signs of information. Test everyone for CL, separately the positive ones from the negative ones. The positive ones could be immune, or they could be infected; you wont know for a year. This disease can lay dormant for up to two years, but you should see signs within the 1st year or so.
To increase your flockās resistance against Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL), you must focus on building a robust immune system. While there is no cure or direct herbal preventative for the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteria, the most actionable steps involve feeding loose custom mineral mixes, providing specific vitamins, and incorporating natural immune-boosting herbs.
Key Minerals
Proper mineral balance is critical for immune function and fighting off bacterial infections like CL.
Zinc & Copper: Essential for maintaining healthy, intact skin and mucous membranes, which are the primary barriers to CL bacteria. Warning: Sheep are highly susceptible to copper toxicity, so always use a formulated, species-specific sheep mineral.
Selenium: Deficient in many soils and forages; supplemental selenium is directly linked to enhanced disease-fighting abilities.
Seaweed Meal: A natural supplement that provides over 60 trace elementsāincluding iodine, cobalt, and magnesiumāto balance the rumen and support overall herd immunity.
Key Vitamins
Vitamins act as co-factors for immune cell production and tissue repair.
Vitamin E: Works synergistically with Selenium to support immune system health.
Vitamin A: Critical for maintaining the structural integrity of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Vitamin D: Promotes bone health and is vital for overall vitality, particularly during the winter months.
Natural Immune-Boosting Herbs
Herbal nutraceuticals have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that help stabilize cortisol levels and reduce stress, thereby preventing the suppression of the immune system.
Garlic: Known for its antibacterial and antiviral properties. Garlic licks or dried garlic fed free-choice can naturally boost immune cells and reduce systemic inflammation.
Thyme: Thyme extracts contain active compounds that improve antioxidant status and enhance serum immunity.
Adaptogenic Herbs: Herbs like Ashwagandha and Turmeric are frequently used in ethnoveterinary practices to improve an animal’s resilience to environmental stressors and disease susceptibility.
Managing and Preventing CL
To eliminate CL from your herd, relying solely on supplements is not enough; rigorous herd management is required:
Cull or Isolate: Immediately isolate infected animals to prevent the pus from rupturing and contaminating the environment.
Vaccination: Consult your veterinarian about the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacterin vaccine.
Consult Experts: Read the Maryland Small Ruminant Page or the OSU Small Ruminant Team guidelines for more details on formulating mineral-dense diets for your animals
Morel mushrooms offer significant health benefits primarily due to their rich content of polysaccharides, phenolics, tocopherols, and ergosterols, which provide anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune-protective effects. These bioactive compounds help combat oxidative stress, regulate the immune system by enhancing macrophage activity, and protect against chronic diseases like cancer and heart diseaseā¦
Key Nutritional and Medicinal Properties
High Antioxidant Activity: Morels contain high levels of antioxidants that scavenge free radicals (DPPH, ABTS) and reduce lipid peroxidation, potentially slowing aging and protecting cellular healthā¦
Immune and Gut Support: Polysaccharide extracts enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria (such as Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcaceae), improve intestinal permeability, and stimulate the production of nitric oxide and cytokinesā¦
Anti-Cancer Potential: Extracts from Morchella esculenta have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells (HT-29) and induce apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cellsā¦
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Morel extracts inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-Ī±, IL-6) and the NF-ĪŗB pathway, showing promise in managing inflammation-related conditionsā¦
Essential Nutrients and Vitamins
Vitamin D: Morels are one of the richest plant-based sources of Vitamin D, providing approximately 34% of the daily recommended intake per 100 grams, which supports bone health and immune functionā¦
Minerals: They are exceptionally rich in iron (providing over two-thirds of the daily value), copper, zinc, potassium, and manganese, aiding in hemoglobin production, energy metabolism, and brain functionā¦
Protein and Fiber: Morels are a good source of essential amino acids and dietary fiber (nearly 3 grams per serving), supporting tissue repair, digestion, and blood sugar regulationā¦
Important Safety Note
While true morels (Morchelle species) are safe when thoroughly cooked, they contain small amounts of hydrazine-like compounds that can cause gastrointestinal distress if eaten raw. It is critical to distinguish them from false morels (e.g., Gyromitra species), which contain the toxic compound gyromitrin and can cause liver damage or be fatalā¦
Recovering from hip surgery requires a nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory diet high in protein for muscle repair, Vitamin C for collagen, and Vitamin D/Calcium for bone strengthening. Key foods include lean meats, fatty fish, leafy greens, and berries, while topically, lavender and eucalyptus essential oils can aid pain management.
Key Nutrients and Foods for Recovery
Protein (Lean meats, legumes, dairy): Essential for wound healing and preventing post-surgical muscle loss.
Vitamin C (Berries, broccoli, sweet red peppers): Boosts immunity and supports collagen production for tissue repair.
Vitamin D & Calcium (Fatty fish, eggs, fortified dairy): Helps rebuild bone and ensures calcium absorption.
Zinc & Magnesium (Leafy greens, seeds): Crucial for accelerating tissue and wound healing.
Helpful Herbs & Supplements Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Known to improve circulation and aid in wound healing.
Glucosamine & Chondroitin: Can assist with joint mobility and cartilage maintenance.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fish oil, these reduce inflammation in the joint.
Essential Oils for Comfort (Topical/Diffused)
Lavender: Used for reducing anxiety and managing pain.
Peppermint & Eucalyptus: Offer anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties for topical use.
Citrus Oils: Useful for reducing pain, particularly during rehabilitation.
Application: Dilute with a carrier oil (coconut or olive oil) and massage around the affected area.
Disclaimer: Always consult your surgeon, WebMD, or a nutritionist regarding supplements before starting them. I always use WebMD to check if mixing certain herbs and pharmaceuticals can cause problems, which also help confirm if the medical field secretly knows that the herbs actually work.
Natural aromatase inhibitors, including herbs, minerals, and compounds like zinc, resveratrol, and white button mushroom extracts, may help reduce estrogen by blocking the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen. Common compounds include chrysin, quercetin, turmeric, and cruciferous vegetable extracts. These are often used as natural alternatives to aid in regulating estrogen levels.
Herbs and Plant Compounds
Chrysin: A flavonoid found in blue passion flower, honeycomb, and chamomile that may bind to and inhibit aromatase activity.
Resveratrol: An antioxidant found in grapes and red wine with potent anti-estrogen actions.
Curcumin: Derived from turmeric, known to bind to aromatase sites. Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C): Found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage.
Apigenin & Naringenin: Flavonoids found in celery, parsley, and citrus fruits (especially peel).
Mangosteen & Brassaiopsis glomerulata: Botanical extracts studied for high anti-aromatase activity.
White Button Mushroom: Extracts have shown ability to inhibit aromatase activity.
Minerals and Nutrients
Zinc: Essential for maintaining healthy testosterone levels and known to inhibit both 5 -reductase and aromatase.
Selenium: Works in combination with other compounds to reduce aromatase activity.
Essential Oils and Other Compounds
Sesame Oil: Contains sesamin, which has been studied for maintaining healthy aromatase levels.
Melatonin: Has been identified as having anti-aromatase properties in some studies.
Aloe Vera Gel: Contains phytosterols and phytophenols that may modulate aromatase enzyme activity.
Key Considerations
While these natural products show promise in preclinical studies (cell cultures and animals), large-scale clinical trials in humans are limited. They are considered potential adjuncts for managing hormone-sensitive conditions, but they do not replace conventional medical treatments for breast cancer, note PubMed and PMC
Distilled water is safe to drink but not ideal for regular, long-term hydration because it lacks essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, which can lead to mineral deficiencies and potential electrolyte imbalances. While it is pure and free of contaminants, it often tastes flat, and relying on it solely requires a balanced diet to replenish lost minerals.
Pros of Distilled Water:
High Purity: The distillation process removes virtually all impurities, including bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and heavy metals.
Safe Alternatives: It is an excellent choice for consuming water free from fluoride or contaminants often found in tap water.
Kidney Stones: Because it has no calcium or sodium, it may help in reducing the buildup that leads to kidney stones, notes MedicineNet.
Cons of Distilled Water:
Lack of Minerals: Distilled water is stripped of calcium, magnesium, and other electrolytes.
Potential Electrolyte Imbalance: Because it lacks minerals, it can cause the body to leach electrolytes from tissues to maintain balance, according to BrightStar Care and Tyent.
Unappealing Taste: Most people find the taste “flat” or “stale,” as the beneficial minerals that give water its taste are removed.
Long-Term Deficiencies: Regular consumption could contribute to mineral deficiencies if not offset by a nutrient-rich diet.
For most people, drinking distilled water occasionally is not harmful, but it is not recommended as the primary daily water source.
Spring water is often considered one of the healthiest options due to its natural mineral content, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are retained because it does not undergo harsh filtration. However, the healthiest water is simply any safe, purified, and accessible water that ensures consistent daily hydration.
Key Considerations for Spring Water:
Mineral Rich: Naturally filters through underground sources, retaining beneficial minerals that contribute to a slightly alkaline pH. Natural Source: Unlike distilled water, it is not stripped of natural electrolytes.
Safety Factors: While generally safe, some studies have found contaminants such as arsenic or microplastics in certain bottled water brands.
Alternatives: Filtered or reverse-osmosis tap water can be just as healthy, providing pure water without the expense or environmental cost of plastic bottles.
Ultimately, the best water is one that is safe from pathogens and contaminants. The minor mineral differences in spring water are unlikely to provide substantial health benefits over a balanced diet
Reverse Osmosis water is considered less than ideal for long-term consumption because the intense filtration process removes beneficial mineralsālike calcium, magnesium, and potassiumāalong with impurities, resulting in “demineralized” or “dead” water. Consuming this water can lead to mineral deficiencies, increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular issues, and lowered pH levels.
Why RO Water is Considered Unhealthy:
Essential Mineral Loss: RO filters remove 92-99% of beneficial minerals, essential for bone and dental health, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron.
Mineral Leaching: Because the water is demineralized, some experts suggest it can leach minerals from the body and flush them out through urine.
Reduced pH Level: The process often makes the water slightly acidic.
Potential Health Issues: Long-term consumption of low-mineral water is linked to increased risks of fatigue, muscle cramps, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular problems.
Taste Issues: Many users find the taste flat or unpleasant due to the lack of minerals.
Mitigation Strategies:
Remineralization Filters: Many modern RO systems include a post-filtration stage that adds back essential minerals to improve taste and mineral content.
Healthy Diet: Experts suggest that if a balanced diet is maintained, the mineral deficiency caused by RO water is not a major concern, as water only provides a small percentage of daily mineral intake.
Dietary Supplements: Including calcium and magnesium-rich foods can offset the lack of minerals in the water, say Leaf Home.
Alkaline water (pH > 8.5ā9.5) can be detrimental by neutralizing necessary stomach acid, which inhibits digestion and nutrient absorption, potentially leading to gastrointestinal issues, metabolic alkalosis, and nutrient deficiencies. Regular consumption, especially of ionized water, may cause nutrient deficiencies, skin irritation, and excessive mineral buildup in the body.
Key Reasons Alkaline Water Can Be Harmful:
Disrupts Stomach Acid: The stomach requires high acidity (pH 1ā3) to break down food and destroy pathogens. Alkalizing this environment can lead to hypochlorhydria, hindering protein digestion and mineral absorption.
Causes Metabolic Alkalosis: Excess alkalinity can cause blood and body fluids to become too alkaline, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, tremors, and confusion.
Kidney Risks: High pH levels (especially ) can cause hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood), which is particularly dangerous for individuals with existing kidney disease.
Mineral and Nutrient Deficiency: Long-term consumption can deplete or prevent the body from absorbing necessary minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B12.
Interacts with Medications: The high pH can interfere with medications, particularly those managing stomach acid (like proton pump inhibitors).
Skin and Mouth Irritation: Highly alkaline water can make skin dry and itchy and might disrupt the natural oral microbiome.
Important Context:
Not a Miracle Cure: There is little evidence that alkaline water provides significant health benefits over normal filtered water.
Natural vs. Ionized: Naturally alkaline spring water (containing natural minerals) is generally less risky than artificially ionized alkaline water, though excessive consumption of either can have side effects
Your body’s pH is already balanced (around 7.0ā7.4), the ideal water to drink is standard, clean, filtered water with a pH of 7.0 (neutral), or slightly alkaline water (up to 8.5). While marketed alkaline water (pH 8ā9) is safe, there is limited scientific evidence that it provides superior benefits over balanced, regular water.
Ideal Water Range: The EPA and health experts often recommend water with a pH of 6.5 to 8.5, as this fits with natural, mineral-rich spring water.
The Myth of Body Alkalinity: Your body is designed to maintain a stable pH of 7.35ā7.45 (slightly alkaline) automatically, primarily through the lungs and kidneys. Drinking alkaline water will not significantly or permanently change your blood’s pH.
Alkaline Water Purpose: People often drink alkaline water (pH 8-9) to aid with reflux or for high mineral content.
If you prefer to drink alkaline water, it is best to drink it in moderation rather than relying on it exclusively, as too high a pH (above 9) can cause a bitter taste and potential mineral imbalances over time
Well water is not inherently healthier than city water; it depends entirely on local groundwater quality and regular testing. Well water offers natural minerals without added chlorine, but requires personal testing for contaminants like bacteria and nitrates. City water is safer from bacteria due to mandated treatment, though it contains chemical byproducts.
Well Water Pros/Cons
Pros: Rich in minerals (calcium, magnesium), no chlorine or fluoride additives, usually better taste.
Cons: Untreated, requires regular homeowner testing, vulnerable to contamination from septic systems or runoff; especiallyif septic is not significantlydown hill feom the water source.
City Water Pros/Cons
Pros: Regulated, disinfected, and consistently monitored by the EPA.
Cons: Can have chlorine taste; contains chemicals like lead, chlorine, fluoride, and potential for heavy metals from aging pipes.
Health Verdict
Well water is “healthier” if you want to avoid additives and value natural minerals, provided it is tested regularly to be safe. City water is generally “safer” from acute biological hazards because of mandated testing and disinfection. Both can be optimized for health using appropriate household filtration systems
A throat swelling (anaphylactic) reaction to processed milk is caused by an immune system allergy to milk proteins, specifically casein (found in curd) or whey (found in liquid). These proteins trigger the body to release histamine, causing symptoms like throat tightness, breathing issues, hives, and vomiting.
Key details regarding milk allergies: Primary Allergens: Casein and whey are the main proteins responsible for allergic reactions.
Symptoms: In addition to throat swelling, reactions include wheezing, cough, hives, vomiting, and diarrhea.
“Processed” Milk Factors: Even in processed or baked goods, these proteins remain, making them unsafe for those with a dairy allergy.
Not Lactose: A milk allergy is distinct from lactose intolerance, which is a digestive issue rather than an immune system response. Management: Severe reactions require immediate epinephrine injection and emergency medical care
Managing a milk allergy (which is an immune response to milk proteins like casein or whey, not lactose intolerance) in adults requires avoiding all dairy products while replacing essential nutrients like calcium and Vitamin D. Several herbs and supplements may help manage the inflammation and allergic response.
Key Nutrients to Replace (Vitamins/Minerals)
When cutting out dairy, ensure you are getting adequate intake of the following to avoid deficiencies:
Calcium: Essential for bone health, obtained through calcium-fortified plant milks (soy, almond, rice), dark leafy greens (kale, broccoli), tofu, and canned salmon.
Vitamin D: Helps with calcium absorption. Sources include fortified foods, eggs, and sunlight exposure.
Vitamin B12: Found in fortified foods and animal products like meat and eggs.
Magnesium & Phosphorus: Often lacking in dairy-free diets, can be found in nuts, seeds, and legumes.
Zinc: Supports immune function and may help improve allergy symptoms.
Herbs and Supplements for Symptom Relief
These supplements may help reduce histamine reactions and inflammation associated with allergies:
Quercetin: A polyphenol antioxidant that helps stabilize mast cells, preventing them from releasing histamine.
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica): Often used to reduce inflammation and allergy symptoms (sneezing, itching).
Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapple that reduces inflammation, particularly in the nasal passages.
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus): Used for allergic rhinitis, though it is crucial to use products labeled PA-free (pyrrolizidine alkaloid-free) to avoid liver damage.
Probiotics: Specific strains like Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium can help balance the immune system and reduce inflammation.
Turmeric/Curcumin: Known for its strong anti-inflammatory properties, which may help manage symptoms.
Ginger & Peppermint: Useful for soothing digestive upset.
Vitamin C: Acts as a natural antihistamine and helps break down histamine.
Management Tips
Read Labels Carefully: Avoid casein, caseinates, whey, lactalbumin, and lactose.
Use Alternatives: Soy, almond, hemp, and coconut milks are good alternatives, but check that they are fortified.
Consult a Professional: A dietitian or allergist can help ensure your diet is balanced.
Disclaimer: Supplements can interact with medications and may not be suitable for everyone. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new regimen.
Criminals look for low situational awareness (distracted, on phones, headphones) and isolation (alone in quiet areas) because these behaviors signal an easy, low-resistance target, allowing them to approach, act, and escape without witnesses or struggle, making victims appear unaware, hesitant, or non-combative. They seek vulnerability, not a challenge, often observing predictable patterns or signs of fear or submissiveness.
Behaviors Criminals Look For: Distraction & Lack of Awareness: People engrossed in phones, wearing headphones, or generally “zoned out” are prime targets because they don’t see threats coming.
Isolation: Being alone in dark, quiet, or low-traffic areas removes witnesses and opportunities for the victim to fight back or flee.
Predictable Patterns: Routines like taking the same route home at the same time make it easy for criminals to plan an ambush.
Fear & Submissiveness: Showing fear, hesitating, or appearing non-combative (like slow walking, awkward movements, or a submissive posture) signals to a predator that the person won’t resist effectively.
Display of Valuables: Flashy accessories or using ATMs can attract attention from opportunistic criminals.
In essence, criminals target those who signal they are easy to overpower, rather than those who project confidence and awareness, says Cade Defense Academy and the NRA Blog.
The minimum amount of females per male for sheep and goats depends primarily on the male’s age and the management system used, but a common guideline for natural, non-synchronized breeding is at least 15-20 females per male.
Sheep (Ewes per Ram)
The ratio for sheep varies based on several factors:
Ram Lambs (less than 1 year old): A ram lamb should be limited to approximately 15-30 ewes.
Mature Rams: A healthy, mature ram can typically service 35-50 ewes during a normal breeding season under range conditions, with some experienced rams covering up to 70-100 ewes in small pastures.
Goats (Does per Buck)
Similar to sheep, the ratio for goats depends on the buck’s age and condition:
Young Bucks (around 1 year old): A young buck should service no more than 10-15 does per month.
Mature Bucks: A healthy, full-grown buck can typically service 30-50 does, but a general recommendation for standard farm conditions is around 20-30 does per buck.
Key Considerations
Synchronized Breeding: If breeding is synchronized (where all females come into heat at the same time), more males are needed to ensure all females are covered. Ratios for synchronized breeding can be as low as 1 male per 5-10 females.
Terrain/Pasture Size: In large, rough pastures, more males per female may be needed compared to small pens where movement is restricted. Male Health: Only healthy, fit males should be used for breeding. Overly fat or thin males may have reduced fertility or stamina.
Inbreeding: To avoid inbreeding, it is important to rotate or replace males every one to two years.
Backup Males: Keeping at least one backup male (or a “teaser” male in a separate pen) can help stimulate the females’ heat cycles and provides insurance if the primary breeder becomes sick or infertile.
Looks like we are getting Emus. Im tired of the neighbors dogs coming onto my property and killer my lambs and fowl. Laura loves her dogs, so i just got a llama and will soon have Emus on my property with my sheep and goats. She has dogs protection on our Collins property, i will have other livestock guardians on my Stockton properties. I wanted Guinea Fowl for tick control, but the neighbors dogs keep killing them, my turkeys and my lambs. So enough is enough. They donāt want to control their dogs, so i have to.
I can just shoot them, but im not home enough to catch them every time. But so you know; you do have the right to shoot predators of most any kind that are coming onto your land and attacking you, your family and/or your livestock in the state of Missouri as of 2025
Meanwhile, Iāll be getting another Llama and raising Emus next. Then Iāll try Turkeys and Guinea fowl again after. Unfortunately, Llamas and Donkeys may not get along; so Donkeys are out, for now. Maybe if I get a young Donkey, and raise it up with the Llamas; it might be okā¦ or maybe miniature Donkeys š¤
Laura has more gruesome pictures and videos of the attack, and she plans to press charges. She caught the dogs Red Handed this time. This has been going on all year, since they moved in; April 2025. Laura lost a few dozen Guinea over the summer, and she is not happy about it. We just got the property in Collins, so the birds will be safe there, now that she finally got her new coop done there. Whatās left of them that is.
Last time I had this problem, was when Austin lived next door. I thought the killings were over when he sold to Dakota, so i got new birds. Then Dakotas friend moved in, and the killing began all over again.
